MEANING PHRASE PHILOSOPHY Phrase learning is not new to you. You have been learning this way since infancy. Audio or print meaning phrases trigger your memories. Your mind instantly searches it's data banks to understand new input. The mind reformats the information in ways it can understand. The student making a tell-back is making reformatting choices 1000's of times each sentence.

Meaning Phrase Design

Many phrases are followed by a phrase that explains the first phrase. Some phrase lists group several alternative ways to say the same thing. This makes language acquisition easier for the ESL person. Many of the phrases are followed by a thought continuation phrase. Other phrases are definition phrases or parallel meaning phrases.

Denver
• Field Trips
• Skiers
• Ski 2001a
• Ski 2001b
• Day Trips

Poor handwriting is a major
barrier for life.

Many children try very hard
to make the characters
to their parents' satisfaction.

It's usually not enough.

Some students take several hours
to write their homework.

Why?
--------------------


REASONS FOR POOR HANDWRITING

A negative response
to constructive criticism
in toddler and preschool years.

"Color between the lines"
and other disparaging remarks
limit necessary practices.

Children also have poor handwriting
because of:
Limited practice
Competing activities
Television and computer games.

Lack of handwriting success
causes avoidance.

Competing verbal time
limits practice.

----------------
OUR RESULTS:

All our students
make major improvements
in their handwriting skills.

How?

Handwriting is taught in
high speed practices.
----------------


COMMON PROBLEM
WRITING AVOIDANCE

Early attempts to write are
a painful experience.

Caused by unpleasant reactions
to constructive criticism.

Writing becomes associated
with embarrassing experiences.

Avoidance is usually a reaction
to previous:
Constructive criticism
Public putdowns
Feelings of inadequacy
Unable to please parents
Low self-esteem
Low self-concept.
Apologizing for handwriting.

Writing quality is easily measured.

Students know they are easily measured
and are unlikely to measure up.

There is an absence of reward.

Writing behavior
is unlikely to be repeated.
---------------------

PETERSON INSTRUCTION

Characteristics:

Simple assignments.

Hard to get confused.

Practice is paced by the tapes
instead of a tired parent
or teacher.

Easy monitoring of progress.

Our classrooms schedule students
for hand writing practice
until it can be accomplished
in much less than an hour.

Result:

Homework quickly becomes regular.

Usually takes less than an hour.
---------------------


OTHER BENEFITS

Students learn common uses
of capitals and periods.

Some phrases have capital letters
and periods to be practiced.

Capitals start each cluster.

Periods end complete sentence
clusters.

Phrases allow student to learn
spelling patterns
and variations on meaning.

Students learn common ways
to organize phrases then sentences.

Students learn common grammar patterns
at the same time.

We can rationalize
the time we spend
on handwriting practice
because we are making improvements
in other areas at the same time.
---------------------


WE TEACH SEVERAL SKILLS
AT THE SAME TIME

HANDWRITING
VOCABULARY
GRAMMAR
SPELLING

We make improvements
in all these areas
during the same practice hours.

Combining all these goals and results
allows you to justify
the hours spent.

We compare pre and post scores
in all four areas.
-------------------


PHILOSOPHIES
PETERSON HANDWRITING

Below are the essential steps
for getting around the reluctance
to put words on paper.

Child must be able
to do the assignment.

Child is motivated
by opportunities to succeed
in a group.

Child can learn from
a model parent
a model teacher
or a peer model.

Child must have quick successes.

Social rewards must be available for:
being on task
completion of task
gradual improvements.

Eliminate critical feedback
and "helpful suggestions."

Emphasize self-correction.
Eliminate teacher correction.

Nothing is allowed
to interfere or halt
student practice time.

Repetitive auditory pronouncements
pace the student during
tracing and copying practices.

SPEED

High speed interaction.

Limits time required
for homework.

30 word per minute rate
1800 words per hour.

15 words per minute
900 words per hour

10 words per minute
600 words per hour
-------------------


CAUSES OF POOR HANDWRITING

POOR HANDWRITING CAUSES

ERROR CORRECTION
HURTS NEW WRITERS

Students that attempt to write
earn a lot of criticism
from parents and peers.

SELF CORRECTION
AVOIDS DESTRUCTIVE CRITICISM

Peterson's students
correct most errors
as they make them.

Self-correction develops
critical thinking skills.

Tracing and copying
gives the child immediate feedback
rather than "helpful criticism."

The child will eventually
make the right decisions
without parental help.
-----------------


HIGH SPEED WORKS BETTER

Problems go away quickly
after daily hours
of high speed practices.

Slow practices allow too much time
for the student
to be self critical.

Intermittent practices
allow intermittent progress
or no progress.

The child needs to see
a solution within months not years.
---------------------


REVIEW

TRACING VS
LOOK, UNDERSTAND AND COPY

Let the student
work as close to the model as possible

Immediate self-instruction
immediate self-feedback
when they write outside the line.

Easy homework assignment.

Easily graded by teachers.

Limits criticism by parents.

Limit confusion in the assignment

Easier self correction

Easy to compare results

Easier to push for speed

Avoids transposition
and reversals of letters

Students practice the correct shapes
rather than practice mistakes.

Auditory memory and inner speech
response has the same
or better benefit.

Tactile and kinesthetic memory
is enhanced.
--------------------------


CONTEXT LEARNING

Tracing of phrases or sentences
rather than word by word
or letter by letter.

Get time on task
and speedy hand movements
before asking for complex quality
----------------------------


DEFINITIONS


Print - letters are separated
Cursive - letters joined together
-------------------


PRINTING OR CURSIVE?

Printing practice helps the student
match the letters
in printed materials.

Learning cursive is helpful for speed.

Students almost always write faster
if they can write cursive.

Cursive word counts
are consistently higher.

Why?

A.
The pen doesn't have to
leave the paper as much.

A.
It may be easier
to establish a rhythm.
-------------------


PETERSON CURSIVE PHRASES

We print some
of the meaning phrase books
with a cursive style.

We mix both styles in the drills
until the cursive habit is learned.

Students usually choose cursive
once they find it is faster
for them.

Stop using our cursive
books when adequate
cursive writing style is learned.
---------------------


PROBLEM

Tracing in other printed books
can be difficult.

Less than 14 point type
is too small to easily trace
or read.


SOLUTION

Larger type helps
easy recognition
for easy tracing.

We use 16 point bold.

PROBLEM

Most handwriting practice texts
are not very interesting.

SOLUTION

Clustered meaning phrases
add interest
during the handwriting phrase.

Most students will go along
with the class
and even enjoy
the timed speed drills.

Speed scores are kept
and students like the winning.

No teacher criticism is allowed.
--------------------


QUALITY DRILLS

After several high speed practices
with 4-peats:

Slow down the drill.

Play the 8-peat tapes
instead of 4-peat tapes.

This will reduce the speed
from 30 to 15 words per minute.

Teachers announce that
students are to follow the pace
of the tape.

"Don't get ahead of the tape."
---------------------

PROBLEM

Word processing on computers
has replaced many forms
of handwriting.

PROBLEM

High speed writing
is essential for note taking.

We need to take notes to remember.

A computer
is not always available.

Hand-held personal computer note-taking
is too slow.

Palm pilots require users
to learn different
slow printing styles.
---------------


QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

SKILLS TOO LOW?

Ability to low?

A.
Unlikely.

Even developmental lag students
seldom need dot to dot pictures.

Enlarged letters work
in the beginning.

Enlarged letters work well.


SERIFS OR NOT?

A.
Printed letters work
with or without serifs.

You could choose
to start without serifs.

The child's mind
will quickly recognize
that each style
means the same thing.

Child is simply told
they don't have
to add the serifs.
------------------

COORDINATION PROBLEMS?

Early writing failures
might have been exacerbated
by a slight developmental delay
of coordination skills.

The good news.

Most coordination problems disappear
before kindergarten.

The bad news.

The psychological reaction
to early criticisms
usually lasts forever.
-------------------


LABELED 504?

Some 504 students need to spend
a short amount of time
working on large motor skills.

Few students continue
to be dyslexic or dysgraphic.

Short Phrases eliminate
wide line tracking failures
problems and delays.

Pages are easily enlarged
if student needs
large motor practices.

Auditory input
gets the student used
to paying attention.
--------------------

COMMENT

National writing skills are poor.

The labeling of students as a 504
adds an unshakeable stigma.


This well intended effort
is hurting children
more than helping.

Setting the child apart
with a label
is the kiss of death
for self esteem.
------------------

504 Legislation has created a major source
of supplemental funding for the schools.